FILE ON KISSPerson

Kiss

the working class outside Quebec has shifted noticeably toward the Conservatives since 20041. Bandwagon effects exist but are small in magnitude.2.

4 SOURCES · 3 DOCUMENTED FACTS · OPENED 2026-07-22 · UPDATED 2026-07-22
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the working class outside Quebec has shifted noticeably toward the Conservatives since 2004

How Do Canadian Public Sector Employees Vote? A Look at the
“A 2022 *Canadian Journal of Political Science* analysis (Polacko, Kiss & Graefe) showed the working class outside Quebec has shifted noticeably **toward** the Conservatives since 2004”
VERIFIED — a word-for-word match in the stored source

Bandwagon effects exist but are small in magnitude.

Pass 2: The Forensics, the Math, and the Philosophy of Canad
“The serious empirical literature (Kiss & Simonovits 2014 in *Public Choice*; Barnfield 2020 in *Political Studies Review*; Stolwijk & Vis 2021) finds that bandwagon effects exist but are small in magnitude”
VERIFIED — a word-for-word match in the stored source

The mechanism of bandwagon effects is partly strategic abstention by losing-side supporters.

Pass 2: The Forensics, the Math, and the Philosophy of Canad
“The mechanism is partly *strategic abstention by losing-side supporters*, not affective preference shift.”
VERIFIED — a word-for-word match in the stored source
2022
2022
2022 Canadian Journal of Political Science analysis